The requirements for low voltage systems in security alarm installations

Security alarm systems are a critical layer of protection for homes, offices, and commercial spaces. Whether it’s a residential property in need of burglary monitoring or a commercial facility requiring 24/7 surveillance, most alarm systems operate on low-voltage wiring. Understanding the requirements for these systems is essential for proper installation, reliable operation, and compliance with safety codes. In this blog, we’ll break down what low-voltage systems are, why they’re used in security alarms, and the main requirements you need to know before starting an installation.

What Is a Low-Voltage System?

Low-voltage systems are electrical setups that operate on 50 volts (V) or less, though most security alarm systems use 12V to 24V. Unlike standard household wiring that carries high-voltage power (120V or 240V), low-voltage wiring is safer to handle, reduces fire risk, and is ideal for devices that don’t need high power to function.

In security alarm installations, low-voltage wiring is commonly used for:

• Keypads
• Motion detectors
• Door/window contact sensors
• Glass break sensors
• Control panels
• CCTV cameras

Key Requirements for Low-Voltage Security Alarm Installations

While low-voltage systems are safer and more flexible, there are still important requirements to ensure performance, reliability, and compliance with building codes.

1. Voltage Levels
Typical security alarm systems operate at 12V DC or 24V DC. Ensure that the power supply and devices are compatible with these voltage levels.

2. Power Supply
Use a reliable and stable power supply unit (PSU) that can provide consistent voltage and current as required by the system. Include a battery backup to maintain system operation during power outages. The battery should be capable of powering the system for at least 24 hours.

3. Wiring Specifications
Use cables specifically designed for low voltage applications. Common types include twisted pair, shielded, and unshielded cables. Select the appropriate wire gauge based on the current requirements and the distance the cable will run. Common gauges are 18 AWG and 22 AWG. Use color-coded wires to distinguish between different connections (e.g., red for positive, black for negative).

4. Installation Practices
Route cables away from high voltage wiring to prevent electromagnetic interference (EMI). Maintain a minimum separation distance as recommended by the manufacturer or local codes. Avoid sharp bends and kinks in the cables to prevent damage and signal loss. Use conduits or raceways for cable protection, especially in areas where the cables might be exposed to physical damage.

5. Connections and Terminations
Ensure all connections are secure and properly terminated using connectors like B connectors, wire nuts, or terminal blocks. When using soldering for connections, ensure good mechanical and electrical contact. Use heat shrink tubing for insulation.

6. Compliance and Standards
Adhere to local electrical codes and standards, such as the National Electrical Code (NEC) in the United States. Use UL-listed components and devices for added safety and compliance. UL certification ensures that the products meet rigorous safety standards. Follow the manufacturer’s guidelines for installation, wiring, and operation of the security system components.

7. Testing and Maintenance
Regularly test the entire security alarm system to ensure it is functioning correctly. This includes checking sensors, control panels, and communication devices. Conduct periodic inspections of the wiring and connections to identify and rectify any potential issues like corrosion, loose connections, or physical damage. Maintain detailed documentation of the wiring layout, component specifications, and installation procedures. This will be useful for troubleshooting and future maintenance.

8. Grounding and Surge Protection
Ensure proper grounding of the security alarm system to prevent electrical shocks and protect against lightning strikes. Use surge protectors to safeguard the system against voltage spikes and surges.

By adhering to these requirements, you can ensure that the low voltage wiring for your security alarm system and commercial and residential buildings is installed safely, operates reliably, and complies with relevant standards and codes.

Conclusion

Low-voltage systems are the backbone of most modern security alarm installations. They’re safe, efficient, and adaptable — but only when installed correctly. By following electrical codes, using proper cabling, ensuring adequate power supply, and keeping wiring organized, you can guarantee a reliable security setup that lasts for years. If you’re planning to install or upgrade a security alarm system, partnering with a licensed installer who understands low-voltage requirements is essential. At Alarm 24 Hours, our team specializes in designing, installing, and maintaining low-voltage security solutions that meet all safety and performance standards.